<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536</id><updated>2010-04-29T14:25:36.891+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Executive Compensation Forum</title><subtitle type='html'>Discussion weblog on executive compensation. Discuss best practices, ideas, news, models, methods, theories, tools, questions and answers.</subtitle><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/executive_compensation.html'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/atom/executive_compensation.xml'/><author><name>MLOGS</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>8</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-3881063685981970319</id><published>2010-04-29T14:25:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2010-04-29T14:25:34.254+02:00</updated><title type='text'>This blog has moved</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;       This blog is now located at http://executivecompensationforum.blogspot.com/.&lt;br /&gt;       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds, or you may click &lt;a href='http://executivecompensationforum.blogspot.com/'&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to&lt;br /&gt;       http://executivecompensationforum.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default.&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-3881063685981970319?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/3881063685981970319/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7342536&amp;postID=3881063685981970319&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/3881063685981970319'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/3881063685981970319'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2010/04/this-blog-has-moved.html' title='This blog has moved'/><author><name>MLOGS</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='01252109692337125154'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-111148279604388398</id><published>2005-03-22T10:13:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2005-03-22T10:13:16.043+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Executives cash in, regardless of performance</title><content type='html'>Hewlett-Packard Co.'s Carly Fiorina, recently muscled out of her job over lackluster performance, walked away with an exit package worth $42 million. Boeing Co.'s Harry C. Stonecipher, pushed out over an affair with a female employee, nonetheless is eligible for retirement benefits of about $600,000 per year. Franklin D. Raines bowed out under heavy pressure in December following accounting problems at Fannie Mae. But the firm says he is now owed $114,393 per month in pension benefits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At many other corporations untouched by scandal, pay continues to climb whether performance is great, lousy or middling. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Even though the escalation of pay has often been justified as necessary, when you look at the details, that is not the case, because much of the pay is not all that sensitive to performance," said Harvard Law School professor Lucian A. Bebchuk, author of the new book "Pay Without Performance." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Our view is that pay is much less connected to performance than investors commonly recognize," he said. &lt;a target='_blank' href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55305-2005Mar21.html"&gt;Read on&lt;/a&gt;".&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-111148279604388398?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/111148279604388398/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7342536&amp;postID=111148279604388398&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/111148279604388398'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/111148279604388398'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2005/03/executives-cash-in-regardless-of.html' title='Executives cash in, regardless of performance'/><author><name>MLOGS</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='01252109692337125154'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-110432876765632806</id><published>2004-12-29T14:58:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2004-12-29T15:00:28.450+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Bestselling Executive Compensation Books</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=valuebasedman-20&amp;o=1&amp;p=16&amp;l=st1&amp;mode=books&amp;search=management  compensation&amp;=1&amp;fc1=&amp;lc1=&amp;lt1=_blank&amp;bg1=&amp;f=ifr" width="478" height="346" border="0" frameborder="0" style="border:none;" scrolling="no"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-110432876765632806?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/110432876765632806'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/110432876765632806'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2004/12/bestselling-executive-compensation.html' title='Bestselling Executive Compensation Books'/><author><name>MLOGS</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='01252109692337125154'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-110128364669208315</id><published>2004-11-24T09:02:00.000+01:00</published><updated>2004-12-22T12:25:02.126+01:00</updated><title type='text'>Boardroom culture and EC</title><content type='html'>Arthur Levitt Jr. (former chairman of the U.S. SEC) states in the Wall Street Journal of November 23st, 2004 that &lt;em&gt;"The single greatest impediment to the restoration of confidence in corporate America is continuing instances of extravagant non-performance-based compensation. These huge paydays bolster a system in which executives have incentives to manage the numbers for short-term gain and personal payout, and not manage their business for long-term growth and shareholder value". (...) "The &lt;strong&gt;boardroom culture &lt;/strong&gt;is fraternal, rather than skeptical. Therein lies the crux of the problem".&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Levitt's statement reminds me of something President Bush bush said 2 years ago: &lt;em&gt;"At this moment, America's highest economic need is &lt;strong&gt;higher ethical standards &lt;/strong&gt;- standards enforced by strict laws and upheld by responsible business leaders" (Corporate Responsibility speech, July 9th, 2002)".&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-110128364669208315?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/110128364669208315/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7342536&amp;postID=110128364669208315&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/110128364669208315'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/110128364669208315'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2004/11/boardroom-culture-and-ec.html' title='Boardroom culture and EC'/><author><name>MLOGS</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='01252109692337125154'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-109402526805499293</id><published>2004-09-01T09:35:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2004-09-01T09:54:28.053+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Equal Treatment</title><content type='html'>In a &lt;a target='_blank' href="http://www.financialdirector.co.uk/Features/1138011"&gt;discussion worth reading &lt;/a&gt; between 3 leading FTSE-100 Financial Directora discussing &lt;strong&gt;the burden of corporate governance&lt;/strong&gt;, Ken Lever, FD of Tomkins makes the following interesting remark on executive compensation disclosure:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;I have no particular problem - being the director of a public company - that my  remuneration should be disclosed for all the world to see, so that my friends and relatives can see, and so that all the shareholders can see. The issue I have a bit of a hang-up with is that we don't see disclosure of remuneration of fund managers, for instance, and we don't see the disclosure of remuneration of people in hedge funds or, indeed, private equity. Equally, we don't see the remuneration of partners of major accountancy firms and law firms. I am all for disclosure, and all for making sure people get paid a fair amount of money for a good job well done if it applies generally across everybody who is contributing to this value-creation process in our capitalist society.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I think Mr Lever certainly has a point here: disclosing the salaries of those people is equally usefull to restore investor confidence.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-109402526805499293?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/109402526805499293/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7342536&amp;postID=109402526805499293&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/109402526805499293'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/109402526805499293'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2004/09/equal-treatment.html' title='Equal Treatment'/><author><name>Zach007</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='06548277197394197701'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-108884091180101243</id><published>2004-07-03T09:46:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2004-12-22T12:26:24.553+01:00</updated><title type='text'>CEO pay debate</title><content type='html'>Last year, CEOs of S&amp;P 500 companies earned a median of 27.16 percent more in total C. than in 2002, according to a Corporate Library Study. CEOs earned a median annual C. of $2.3 million, and received an additional $2.3 million in restricted stocks or realized stock options.&lt;br /&gt;"I can guarantee you, executive pay will not go down, in general," said &lt;strong&gt;Tom Wamberg&lt;/strong&gt;, CEO of Clark Consulting, a C. consulting company based outside of Chicago.&lt;br /&gt;"What we should be looking for is a company having a return on capital," &lt;strong&gt;Paul Hodgson&lt;/strong&gt;, analyst of the study, said. "Simply put, if you invest something, you get a return in excess of what you've spent. But the measurement periods are too short in most schemes. I would concentrate on long-term stockholder value creation."&lt;br /&gt;"Certainly there's a heightened sensitivity and awareness on the part of C. committees and their jobs and roles," Wamberg said. "Will (Sarbanes-Oxley) drive down EC? My read is nowhere near as much as the fact that not so many companies will be giving options because of the FASB regulations." The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was a good "symbolic gesture," said &lt;strong&gt;Matt Bloom&lt;/strong&gt;, associate professor of management at the University of Notre Dame. &lt;a href="http://www.billingsgazette.com/index.php?id=1&amp;amp;display=rednews/2004/07/02/build/business/45-ceo-pay.inc" target="_blank"&gt;Rest of article&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Personally I agree with Paul, that the key issue is in &lt;strong&gt;long-term value creation&lt;/strong&gt;. Do you agree with me? Or do you agree with Tom (nothing will change anyway), or Matt (Regulation)? Or do you suggest another approach?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-108884091180101243?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/108884091180101243/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7342536&amp;postID=108884091180101243&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/108884091180101243'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/108884091180101243'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2004/07/ceo-pay-debate.html' title='CEO pay debate'/><author><name>Zach007</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='06548277197394197701'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-108857838851040040</id><published>2004-06-30T08:46:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2004-12-22T12:29:21.443+01:00</updated><title type='text'>State Controller calls for CalSTRS on EC</title><content type='html'>State Controller mr. Westly called on June 28th, 2004 for the State Teachers' Retirement System (CalSTRS) to set responsible standards to encourage companies to link the pay of top executives to long-term company performance.&lt;br /&gt;In a letter to Chairman Mr. Lynes and other CalSTRS members, Steve Westly calls for the fund to develop a &lt;strong&gt;comprehensive strategy &lt;/strong&gt;on the issue, including developing a &lt;strong&gt;corporate governance watch list &lt;/strong&gt;for poor performing companies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This is the full letter of Mr. Westly:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;STEVE WESTLY&lt;br /&gt;California State Controller&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;June 28, 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gary Lynes, Chairman and&lt;br /&gt;Members, California State Teachers Retirement System&lt;br /&gt;7667 Folsom Boulevard&lt;br /&gt;Sacramento, CA 95851&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dear Chairman Lynes and Members:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Excessive EC is a significant concern for all&lt;br /&gt;shareholders. Although we have made some meaningful improvements to&lt;br /&gt;our proxy voting guidelines, CalSTRS has no comprehensive strategy for&lt;br /&gt;holding companies accountable for their EC policies. I believe that we must&lt;br /&gt;aggressively engage on the issue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First, we need to look at EC as a comprehensive&lt;br /&gt;program, not just a set of guidelines to use when voting proxies. The&lt;br /&gt;foundation of our program should be four simple concepts:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. EC policies should link a substantive&lt;br /&gt;portion of compensation to achieving key performance targets;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. EC policies should be fully transparent to&lt;br /&gt;shareholders and should be regularly submitted for shareholder&lt;br /&gt;approval;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. EC should be evaluated over an appropriate&lt;br /&gt;time period (e.g., three to five years), not at just a single&lt;br /&gt;point; and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. E. contracts should be disclosed in easy-to-understand&lt;br /&gt;language in the proxy statement to allow shareholders to&lt;br /&gt;evaluate the link between pay and company performance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, CalSTRS needs a corporate governance watch list that focuses&lt;br /&gt;on excessive C. We should make clear that companies that&lt;br /&gt;are underperforming their peers should not be overcompensating their&lt;br /&gt;executives. Similarly, CalSTRS should recognize companies with model&lt;br /&gt;EC policies as the leaders that they are.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, CalSTRS should engage other institutional investors and&lt;br /&gt;corporate C. consultants to establish "best practices" for&lt;br /&gt;corporate governance. By pursuing an EC strategy&lt;br /&gt;beyond casting votes at shareholder meetings, CalSTRS will have real&lt;br /&gt;impact on public companies that will result in real payoffs for our&lt;br /&gt;fund.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I will be addressing this issue at the July CalSTRS meeting. I look&lt;br /&gt;forward to hearing your ideas about EC and steps&lt;br /&gt;that CalSTRS can take to bring about meaningful reform in this area.&lt;br /&gt;If you would like to discuss these ideas before the July meeting,&lt;br /&gt;please call Toni Symonds at (916) 445-2636.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sincerely yours,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;STEVE WESTLY&lt;br /&gt;California State Controller&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-108857838851040040?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/108857838851040040/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7342536&amp;postID=108857838851040040&amp;isPopup=true' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/108857838851040040'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/108857838851040040'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2004/06/state-controller-calls-for-calstrs-on.html' title='State Controller calls for CalSTRS on EC'/><author><name>MLOGS</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='01252109692337125154'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7342536.post-108749712390080042</id><published>2004-06-17T20:12:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2004-06-17T20:48:01.503+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Fetch the tar and feathers</title><content type='html'>This year of stunted stock market growth seems to have ignited the smoldering anger of  investors and employees. Many news articles mention boards having increased their paychecks and bonusses, while simultaneously slashing corporate costs and laying off thousands of employees. &lt;br /&gt;Is the behavior of CxO's "the ugly side of capitalism" as some people claim and is it about time we "fetch the tar and feathers", or are investors just venting off their emotions after a period of below-average stock returns? Should we place our bets on encouraging ethical behavior or will new accounting rules and stronger governance standards lead company executives and directors to "reconsider executive compensation programs"? Or should we be careful in allowing these kind of things to influence the fundaments of our market economy?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7342536-108749712390080042?l=www.managementlogs.com%2Fexecutive_compensation.html' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/108749712390080042/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='https://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=7342536&amp;postID=108749712390080042&amp;isPopup=true' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/108749712390080042'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7342536/posts/default/108749712390080042'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.managementlogs.com/2004/06/fetch-tar-and-feathers.html' title='Fetch the tar and feathers'/><author><name>MLOGS</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='01252109692337125154'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
